Specialty ceramics may become a rising star in the future ceramics market, driving the high-tech industry.
Dec 07,2018
Due to their distinct chemical composition, microstructure, and properties, advanced ceramics differ from conventional ceramics and are therefore referred to as advanced or special ceramics. Their varied chemical compositions and structural features give rise to unique characteristics and functionalities, such as high strength, high hardness, excellent toughness, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, insulating behavior, magnetic properties, optical transparency, semiconducting behavior, and piezoelectric, photoelectric, electro‑optic, acousto‑optic, and magneto‑optic effects. Owing to these exceptional properties, such ceramics serve as both engineering structural materials and functional materials in fields including mechanical engineering, electronics, chemical processing, metallurgy, energy, medicine, laser technology, nuclear applications, and aerospace. In several economically advanced countries—particularly Japan and the United States—
Due to their distinct chemical composition, microstructure, and properties, advanced ceramics differ from conventional ceramics and are therefore referred to as advanced or special ceramics. Their varied chemical compositions and structural architectures give rise to a wide array of unique characteristics and functionalities, including high strength, high hardness, excellent toughness, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, insulating behavior, magnetic properties, optical transparency, semiconductor behavior, as well as piezoelectric, photoelectric, electro‑optic, acousto‑optic, and magneto‑optic effects.
Due to their unique properties, these ceramics can serve as both structural and functional materials in fields such as mechanical engineering, electronics, chemical processing, metallurgy, energy, medicine, laser technology, nuclear applications, and aerospace. In several economically advanced countries—particularly Japan, the United States, and Western European nations—substantial human, material, and financial resources have been devoted to the research and development of advanced ceramics in order to accelerate the new technological revolution and lay the material foundation for emerging industries. As a result, the development of advanced ceramics has progressed rapidly, with significant technological breakthroughs. Today, advanced ceramics are assuming an increasingly pivotal role in modern industrial technologies, especially in high‑tech and cutting‑edge sectors.
New‑type ceramics emerged in the twentieth century, and thanks to the impetus of modern manufacturing and scientific advances, this class of advanced specialty ceramics has proliferated rapidly. Particularly over the past two to three decades, an endless stream of new varieties has appeared, dazzling the eye. Recently, at the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan—whose reactor was damaged by the earthquake and tsunami—the fuel used is ceramic, and the structural materials are high‑temperature‑resistant graphite. Who will be the most profitable new‑type specialty ceramic in 2011? Time will tell…
1. Oxide ceramics
Alumina: It is one of the most widely used raw materials in advanced ceramic products, exhibiting a range of excellent properties. Moreover, it serves as an essential precursor for high‑temperature refractories, abrasives, abrasive tools, laser materials, and alumina gemstones.
Zirconia: It is an important raw material for high-temperature structural ceramics, electronic ceramics, and refractory materials.
Titanium dioxide: It is an important raw material for manufacturing products such as capacitor ceramics, thermistor ceramics, and piezoelectric ceramics.
Beryllium oxide: It is an important raw material for advanced ceramics with high thermal conductivity.
Ferric oxide: It is an important raw material for strong magnetic materials.
Tin dioxide: Widely used in electronic ceramics.
Zinc oxide: It can enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of ceramic materials.
Nickel oxide: Used in thermistor ceramics.
Lead oxide: In advanced ceramics, it is primarily used as a key raw material for synthesizing PbTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and Pb(Mg1/3,Nb2/3)O3.
Niobium pentoxide: In the electronic ceramics industry, it has a wide range of applications, serving as a key raw material for manufacturing lead magnesium niobate low‑temperature sintered monolithic capacitors and lithium niobate single crystals, while also functioning as a modifying additive.
Manganese oxides: used in applications such as humidity sensors and thermal overload protectors.
Chromium oxide: Used as a gas-sensitive element and in the formulation of gas alarms.
Cobalt oxide: Used in concentrating materials and other applications.
2. Nitride Ceramics
Boron nitride: It exhibits excellent thermal stability, thermal shock resistance, and high‑temperature strength, and can be machined into a wide variety of shapes, making it widely used as a processing material for various molten substances. Boron nitride powders and products possess superior lubricity, serving as fillers for metals and ceramics and enabling the fabrication of bearings. Furthermore, it is the lightest among ceramic materials, rendering it highly advantageous for aerospace and structural applications.
Aluminum nitride: It exhibits excellent electrical insulation and dielectric properties.
Silicon nitride: Its products are resistant to corrosion by a wide range of non‑metallic solutions and can be used as crucibles, thermocouple protection tubes, furnace components, and lining materials for metal‑melting furnaces or heat‑treatment equipment. It is also an insulator and a dielectric, making it suitable for integrated circuits. Furthermore, silicon nitride exhibits high hardness, enabling its use as an abrasive material, and it possesses excellent thermal shock resistance, rendering it an ideal material for manufacturing rocket nozzles and turbine blades.
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With the advancement of modern high technologies, advanced ceramics have gradually become an essential component of new materials and a critical enabling material for many high‑tech sectors, attracting significant attention from industrially advanced nations. Their development, in turn, profoundly influences the progress and evolution of other industries. Owing to their unique fine microstructures and a host of outstanding properties—such as high strength, exceptional hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high‑temperature stability, electrical conductivity, insulating behavior, magnetic characteristics, optical transparency, semiconductor behavior, as well as piezoelectric, ferroelectric, acousto‑optic, superconducting, and biocompatible traits—advanced ceramics are extensively employed in national defense, chemical engineering, metallurgy, electronics, mechanical engineering, aerospace, aviation, and biomedical fields.
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